In chemistry, orbitals are mathematical functions that describe the wave-like behavior of electrons in atoms and molecules. Orbitals define the region of space around the atom’s nucleus where the electron is most likely to be found. The shapes and energies of atomic orbitals are determined by the quantum numbers of the electrons. Two types of orbitals commonly encountered in chemistry are s and p orbitals.
S orbitals are spherical in shape and have a single, central lobe. They are the lowest energy orbitals and can hold up to two electrons. P orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and have two lobes that are separated by a nodal plane. They are higher in energy than s orbitals and can hold up to six electrons.
